{"id":72975,"date":"2022-08-31T17:14:07","date_gmt":"2022-08-31T15:14:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/?p=72975"},"modified":"2025-01-09T13:48:43","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T12:48:43","slug":"notes-sobre-la-literatura-romanesa-de-ciencia-ficcio-del-passat-al-present","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2022\/08\/31\/notes-sobre-la-literatura-romanesa-de-ciencia-ficcio-del-passat-al-present\/","title":{"rendered":"Notes sobre la literatura romanesa de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3, del passat al present [per Mariano Mart\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez]"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"72975\" class=\"elementor elementor-72975\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-13a73e14 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"13a73e14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c28b962\" data-id=\"5c28b962\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5490dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a5490dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">OPINI\u00d3<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-687c0c71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"687c0c71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Notes sobre la literatura romanesa de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3, del passat al present [per Mariano Mart\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez] *<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a1b65fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a1b65fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tot un expert, Mariano Mart\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez, desgrana la hist\u00f2ria d&#8217;una de les literatures de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 m\u00e9s desconegudes (per a nosaltres) i apassionants del vell continent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f47f021 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f47f021\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3329c715\" data-id=\"3329c715\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43ed52e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info\" data-id=\"43ed52e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-info.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9ac5e8c elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2022\/08\/31\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-clock\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time> 31 d'agost de 2022<\/time>\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0970ca3 elementor-inline-item\" itemprop=\"commentCount\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2022\/08\/31\/notes-sobre-la-literatura-romanesa-de-ciencia-ficcio-del-passat-al-present\/#respond\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-comment-dots\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-comments\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSense comentaris\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-753cea97\" data-id=\"753cea97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2437a10e elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--shape-circle elementor-share-buttons--align-right elementor-share-buttons-mobile--align-right elementor-hidden-phone elementor-share-buttons--skin-gradient elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget 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fa-envelope\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_print\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Compartici\u00f3 en print\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-print\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3496ec9e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3496ec9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5031bdd1\" data-id=\"5031bdd1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d14f073 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6d14f073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-578aad41 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"578aad41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ffc0393\" data-id=\"6ffc0393\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a3ff4d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6a3ff4d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cifi-romanesa.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-73030\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cifi-romanesa.png 1600w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cifi-romanesa-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cifi-romanesa-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cifi-romanesa-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cifi-romanesa-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cifi-romanesa-240x135.png 240w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/cifi-romanesa-640x360.png 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a00454a elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"1a00454a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/cropped-FullColor_IconOnly2_1024x1024_72dpi-300x300.png\" alt=\"Picture of Mariano Mart\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMariano Mart\u00edn Rodr\u00edguez\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a737c8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a737c8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Coeditor de\u00a0<em>Sci Phi Journal<\/em>\u00a0i\u00a0<em>H\u00e9lice<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d4ec300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d4ec300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Romania \u00e9s un pa\u00eds al qu\u00e8 els lectors estrangers rarament vinculen amb la ficci\u00f3 especulativa o la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3. No obstant aix\u00f2, la seva poblaci\u00f3 jove multiling\u00fce es troba entre\u00ad les m\u00e9s alfabetitzades en tecnologies de la informaci\u00f3 del m\u00f3n, i la seva producci\u00f3 cultural, inclosa la cf, no nom\u00e9s \u00e9s extensa, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 plenament actualitzada. Aquest fet, que alguns podrien voler explicar com una conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de la globalitzaci\u00f3, \u00e9s una <strong>caracter\u00edstica de la cultura romanesa, sempre tecnol\u00f2gicament al dia des dels seus inicis moderns al segle XIX<\/strong>. Una vegada que va aconseguir la seva independ\u00e8ncia, Romania va comen\u00e7ar un cam\u00ed de r\u00e0pida modernitzaci\u00f3, adoptant r\u00e0pidament les institucions liberals occidentals i la seva visi\u00f3 del m\u00f3n. En aquest context, com a manifestaci\u00f3 d\u2019una nova mentalitat centrada en la ci\u00e8ncia i la tecnologia industrial, <strong>la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 romanesa va abra\u00e7ar des dels seus inicis el projecte nacional de modernitzaci\u00f3 amb gran originalitat, encara que no acr\u00edticament<\/strong>.<\/p><p>La ficci\u00f3 ut\u00f2pica solia precedir a la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3, abans de la seva fusi\u00f3 \u00edntima, a l\u2019hora d\u2019oferir descripcions de les societats futures. Aquest patr\u00f3 gaireb\u00e9 universal tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s v\u00e0lid per a Romania. Aix\u00ed doncs, el liberalisme econ\u00f2mic va ser recolzat per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 parodiat a una interessant utopia ambigua d\u2019<strong>Ion Ghica<\/strong>, <em>Insula Prosta<\/em> [Illa Idiota] (1884), que descriu el present abans que la utopia liberal sigui transferida a un entorn futur per ser q\u00fcestionada. <strong>Alexandru Macedonski<\/strong>, un dels poetes m\u00e9s importants del moviment decadent a Romania, va publicar una breu hist\u00f2ria titulada <em>Oceania-Pacific-Dreadnought<\/em> (1911) on un gegant\u00ed vaixell destinat a ser una casa flotant per als m\u00e9s rics provoca una bombolla econ\u00f2mica de proporcions \u00e8piques fins que esclata, com totes han fet fins avui sense que ning\u00fa n\u2019aprengui res. Aquest autor roman\u00e8s probablement es va inspirar en <em>L\u2019\u00eele \u00e0 h\u00e9lice<\/em> [L\u2019illa a propulsi\u00f3] de<strong> Jules Verne<\/strong> (1895), encara que la seva descripci\u00f3 del funcionament de l\u2019especulaci\u00f3 pura en el capitalisme no nom\u00e9s \u00e9s m\u00e9s precisa, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 prof\u00e8tica. De fet, <strong>molt pocs escriptors contemporanis a Europa han utilitzat l\u2019anticipaci\u00f3 d\u2019una manera tan perceptiva<\/strong>. Molt menys conegut, un altre escriptor del Decadentisme, <strong>Th. Cornel<\/strong>, va produir una breu hist\u00f2ria amb el seu conte \u201cVe\u015fnicia\u201d [Eternitat] (1908)<a name=\"_ftnref1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> no nom\u00e9s de la Terra futura, descrivint diverses civilitzacions i esp\u00e8cies humanes futures molt atractives no nom\u00e9s com a mostres d\u2019especulaci\u00f3, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 de tot l\u2019univers fins a la seva mort t\u00e8rmica entr\u00f2pica, anant aix\u00ed fins i tot m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 d\u2019<strong>Olaf Stapledon<\/strong> en les seves sublims visions de les coses que vindran en el futur m\u00e9s lluny\u00e0.<\/p><p>En els mateixos anys, <strong>Victor Anestin<\/strong> va seguir <strong>Camille Flammarion<\/strong>, en lloc de Verne, tant en la divulgaci\u00f3 de l\u2019astronomia com en la posada en marxa de les seves hist\u00f2ries en altres planetes del sistema solar. Anestin els descriu com llocs poblats per civilitzacions honrades i altament desenvolupades inspirades en l\u2019utopianisme positivista, tot i que malauradament encara estan sotmeses als capricis de la natura. A <em>O tragedie cereasc\u0103<\/em> [Una trag\u00e8dia celeste] (1914), un cos celestial destrueix els habitants de la Terra. Aquest escenari apocal\u00edptic dram\u00e0tic sempre planteja el problema de quina veu narrativa cal utilitzar: qui pot narrar el final, quan aquest ens elimina a tots? Anestin resol aquest problema adoptant la perspectiva d\u2019un astr\u00f2nom que \u00e9s testimoni de la nostra trag\u00e8dia des de Venus. Malgrat el seu sobri relat, Anestin sap afegir una sensaci\u00f3 de p\u00e8rdua al sentit de la meravella en les seves grandioses vistes planet\u00e0ries.<\/p><p>Aquest inici tard\u00e0 per\u00f2 prometedor de la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 romanesa va ser seguit per la seva relativa normalitzaci\u00f3 dins els corrents principals. Com va passar en qualsevol altre lloc del m\u00f3n (excepte potser als EUA), <strong>el roman\u00e7 cient\u00edfic wellsi\u00e0 va obrir noves vies a l\u2019anticipaci\u00f3 especulativa<\/strong>, infonent-li una gran llibertat d\u2019imaginaci\u00f3 pel que fa a la construcci\u00f3 del m\u00f3n, \u00admostrada per vells viatges imaginaris des de <strong>Lluci\u00e0 de Samosata<\/strong>, aix\u00ed com una diversitat de t\u00e8cniques narratives i d\u2019escriptura explorades per autors Modernistes. Entre ells, <strong>F\u00e9lix Aderca<\/strong> destaca pel seu relat d\u2019avantguarda \u201cPastoral\u201d (1932), que s\u2019escriu com a resum d\u2019una obra no escrita, i la seva novel\u00b7la <em>Ora\u015fele \u00eenecate<\/em> [Ciutats ofegades] (1936), ambientada en una futura Terra amena\u00e7ada pel fred universal. Les \u00faltimes comunitats humanes s\u2019han retirat a les ciutats submarines sota el govern d\u2019un dictador pro-eugen\u00e8sic, per\u00f2 les seves dr\u00e0stiques mesures no poden evitar al final el frac\u00e0s t\u00e8cnic i la destrucci\u00f3 de les ciutats restants. Nom\u00e9s una parella s\u2019escapa del nostre planeta en un coet. Aderca retrata finament les diferents societats, els seus intercanvis i desenvolupament en un marc pre-apocal\u00edptic, utilitzant un tipus d\u2019escriptura <em>art d\u00e9co<\/em> plena d\u2019ironia tragic\u00f2mica, no gaire diferent de la utilitzada en les novel\u00b7les contempor\u00e0nies de <strong>Karel \u010capek<\/strong>, estil que fa d\u2019<em>Ora\u015fele \u00eenecate<\/em> una obra mestra de la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 internacional d\u2019entre guerres.<\/p><p>La crisi pol\u00edtica provocada per la Segona Guerra Mundial tamb\u00e9 va afectar Romania, on el feixisme nacionalista \u00e8tnic amb el suport de l\u2019Alemanya nazi va ser derrotat i despr\u00e9s reempla\u00e7at pel comunisme importat i imposat per les tropes sovi\u00e8tiques. En aquest context, hi havia poc espai per a la literatura lliure, especulativa o de qualsevol altre tipus. <strong>Fins i tot m\u00e9s intencionadament que els feixistes, els comunistes guiats pel realisme social estalinista van posar fi a qualsevol fantasia sobre el futur a mitj\u00e0 i llarg termini<\/strong>. A m\u00e9s, els escriptors que volien denunciar els totalitarismes de qualsevol mena van ser silenciats. Els lectors romanesos van ser privats de qualsevol distopia comparable a les escrites per <strong>Eugene Zamiatin<\/strong>, <strong>Karin Boye<\/strong>, <strong>George Orwell<\/strong> o <strong>Pedro Salinas<\/strong>. Lligant amb aquesta repressi\u00f3, el conte de <strong>Vasile Voiculescu<\/strong> \u201cLobocoagularea prefrontal\u0103\u201d [Lobocoagulaci\u00f3 pre-frontal] pret\u00e9n ser un resum hist\u00f2ric de les lobotomies for\u00e7ades empreses sobre la poblaci\u00f3 per tal d\u2019extirpar les seves \u00e0nimes humanes. Escrit el 1948, aquest text nom\u00e9s es va publicar p\u00f2stumament el 1982 com una simple curiositat d\u2019un reconegut poeta modern.<\/p><p><strong>El Tel\u00f3 d\u2019Acer va impedir la subjecci\u00f3 de Romania a l\u2019influx massiu de literatura nord-americana de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3<\/strong> (tant <em>pulps<\/em> com novel\u00b7les i relats de l\u2019Edat d\u2019Or) que va posar fi al roman\u00e7 cient\u00edfic m\u00e9s intel\u00b7lectual i literari a l\u2019Europa occidental, tot i que el comunisme va ser igualment eficient a l\u2019hora de desposseir la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 de la seva respectabilitat art\u00edstica anterior. <strong>La ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 romanesa va ren\u00e9ixer en la d\u00e8cada de 1950 com una eina per educar els joves lectors tant en el comunisme com en la tecnologia<\/strong>, per tal de preparar-los per al r\u00e0pid ritme de reindustrialitzaci\u00f3 aviat establert com a objectiu per les autoritats romaneses sota el jove l\u00edder nacionalista <strong>Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu<\/strong>, bastant insatisfet amb el paper de productor agr\u00edcola assignat al seu pa\u00eds pel bloc sovi\u00e8tic.<\/p><p>Encara que el seu govern era encara m\u00e9s dur que altres en aquest bloc, Ceau\u0219escu va utilitzar la seva pol\u00edtica nacional d\u2019aparent dissid\u00e8ncia de la Uni\u00f3 Sovi\u00e8tica per obtenir el suport tecnol\u00f2gic i financer occidental que el seu pa\u00eds necessitava per industrialitzar-se. Com a resultat, <strong>als escriptors romanesos se\u2019ls va permetre desviar-se dels vells dogmes, i la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 r\u00e0pidament va aprofitar l\u2019obertura<\/strong>, actualitzant-se als est\u00e0ndards de l\u2019Edat d\u2019Or gr\u00e0cies a <strong>Adrian Rogoz,<\/strong> els contes del qual recorden la claredat de la forma i l\u2019enginy especulatiu del relats de l\u2019<strong>Isaac Asimov<\/strong>. L\u2019altre mestre roman\u00e8s de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 de l\u2019\u00e8poca, <strong>Vladimir Colin<\/strong>, va adoptar una escriptura m\u00e9s l\u00edrica similar a la de <strong>Ray Bradbury<\/strong>, tot i que la millor part del seu treball es va dedicar a la fantasia; de fet, la seva s\u00e8rie d\u2019hist\u00f2ries i llegendes sobre un antic poble imaginari, recollides a <em>Legendele \u0163\u0103rii lui Vam<\/em> [Llegendes de la terra de Vam] (1961), encara s\u00f3n considerades una obra mestra pels lectors de fantasia romanesos.<\/p><p>Rogoz, Colin i altres tamb\u00e9 van aconseguir unir-se a la moda de la promoci\u00f3 nacional a l\u2019estranger provocada pel comunisme nacionalista de Ceau\u0219escu, ja que <strong>algunes de les seves obres van ser tradu\u00efdes a l\u2019alemany i al franc\u00e8s i publicades en antologies de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 romanesa \u00e0mpliament distribu\u00efdes<\/strong>. A m\u00e9s, van ser prou generosos per incloure en aquests volums hist\u00f2ries de nous escriptors interessats en una literatura de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 similar a la de la <em>New Wave<\/em> angl\u00f2fona (com ara <strong>Ovid S. Crohm\u0103lniceanu<\/strong>, <strong>Gheorghe S\u0103s\u0103rman<\/strong> i <strong>Mircea Opri\u0163\u0103<\/strong>) que m\u00e9s endavant varen publicar algunes de les millors obres de les quals la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 romanesa pot presumir. El m\u00e9s antic d\u2019ells, Crohm\u0103lniceanu, era un cr\u00edtic literari molt apreciat quan va publicar les seves dues s\u00e8ries d\u2019<em>Istorii insolite<\/em> [Hist\u00f2ries inusuals] el 1980 i 1986. En conjunt, es llegeixen com a <strong>exercicis d\u2019imaginaci\u00f3 raonada sobre l\u2019utopianisme, la tecnologia i el paper de la literatura en la modernitat en qu\u00e8 la ironia enriqueix un q\u00fcestionament profundament filos\u00f2fic de la humanitat i el seu lloc a l\u2019univers<\/strong>, no gaire diferent dels millors contes de <strong>Jorge Luis Borges<\/strong> o <strong>Stanis\u0142aw Lem<\/strong>, autors amb els quals Crohm\u0103lniceanu certament es podria comparar.<\/p><p>S\u0103s\u0103rman i Opri\u0163\u0103, autors m\u00e9s joves, han tingut carreres llargues i distingides. S\u0103s\u0103rman va publicar el 1975 <em>Cuadratura cercului<\/em> [La quadratura del cercle], una de les obres mestres del g\u00e8nere Modernista tard\u00e0 que consisteix en descripcions de ciutats imagin\u00e0ries, com les invisibles d\u2019<strong>Italo Calvino<\/strong>. Malauradament, aquesta edici\u00f3 va ser fortament censurada i el llibre complet nom\u00e9s es va publicar el 2001, quan el seu autor ja portava molt de temps excl\u00f2s de la vida liter\u00e0ria romanesa despr\u00e9s del seu exili a Alemanya. La traducci\u00f3 a l\u2019espanyol (<em>La cuadratura del c\u00edrculo<\/em>, 2010) i despr\u00e9s parcialment a l\u2019angl\u00e8s (<em>Squaring the Circle<\/em>) per la gran autora <strong>Ursula K. Le Guin<\/strong> li han assegurat per fi a S\u0103s\u0103rman el seu lloc leg\u00edtim en la ficci\u00f3 especulativa romanesa.<\/p><p>Opri\u0163\u0103, que es va quedar al pa\u00eds sense comprometre\u2019s massa, \u00e9s conegut pels seus contes (per exemple, \u201cFigurine de cear\u0103\u201d [Figuretes de cera], una reescriptura enginyosa de <em>Solaris <\/em>de Stanis\u0142aw Lem publicada per primera vegada el 1973), tot i que tamb\u00e9 ha publicat una novel\u00b7la reeixida, <em>C\u0103l\u0103torie \u00een Capricia <\/em>[Viatge a Capricia] (2011). Es alhora una de les seq\u00fceles m\u00e9s recents de <em>Gulliver\u2019s Travels <\/em>de <strong>Jonathan Swift<\/strong> i un comentari molt original sobre com es va patir la Gran Recessi\u00f3 de 2008 a Romania. D\u2019altra banda, Opri\u0163\u0103 ha estat present a les \u00faltimes d\u00e8cades de la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 romanesa com a cr\u00edtic respectat i just, aix\u00ed com el seu millor cronista: <strong>la seva hist\u00f2ria de la literatura romanesa de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 \u00e9s completa fins a un punt que poques vegades es troba en esfor\u00e7os similars per a altres tradicions nacionals de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3<\/strong>. \u00c9s un monument a l\u2019erudici\u00f3 al voltant d\u2019aquest g\u00e8nere, nom\u00e9s comparable a una altra producci\u00f3 romanesa en el camp te\u00f2ric, l\u2019extensa <em>O cheie pentru science-fiction <\/em>[Una clau per la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3] de <strong>Cornel Robu<\/strong> (2004).<\/p><p>Despr\u00e9s d\u2019aquest notable grup d\u2019escriptors i estudiosos, era potser inevitable una certa decad\u00e8ncia a la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 romanesa. La postmodernitat aviat va adquirir un estatus central en l\u2019escena liter\u00e0ria romanesa inigualable en altres pa\u00efsos. Aquesta va ser una bona i una mala not\u00edcia per a la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 en roman\u00e8s. \u00c9s bona si tenim en compte que el principal postmodernista literari a Romania, <strong>Mircea C\u0103rt\u0103rescu<\/strong>, ha introdu\u00eft motius de la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 en la seva obra, especialment en la seva \u00faltima novel\u00b7la <em>Selenoid<\/em> (2015), afegint-los respectabilitat. \u00c9s mala not\u00edcia si tenim en compte que la postmodernitat ha promogut una literatura del caos, o de l\u2019arbitrarietat, profundament aliena al marc mental habitual de la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3, que \u00e9s el de la ra\u00f3, l\u2019ordre, i la ci\u00e8ncia. Molt pocs escriptors han aconseguit equilibrar aquestes tend\u00e8ncies oposades. Entre ells, cal esmentar <strong>Mihail Gr\u0103mescu<\/strong> per les seves hist\u00f2ries recollides a <em>Aporisticon<\/em> (1981; 2012), on l\u2019egotisme postmodern \u00e9s matisat pel la dist\u00e0ncia ir\u00f2nica borgesiana.<\/p><p>Altres joves escriptors interessants han intentat renovar la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 seguint les tend\u00e8ncies internacionals contempor\u00e0nies, per\u00f2 malauradament dos esdeveniments paral\u00b7lels els impedeixen adquirir una reputaci\u00f3 similar a la de S\u0103s\u0103rman, Opri\u0163\u0103 i fins i tot Gr\u0103mescu. D\u2019una banda, <strong>els postmodernistes, encara molt en el poder en l\u2019escena intel\u00b7lectual romanesa, semblen encara m\u00e9s reticents a apreciar la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 que els Modernistes en el per\u00edode quan el roman\u00e7 cient\u00edfic wellsi\u00e0 va quedar obsolet<\/strong>. Per tant, la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 no ha pogut unir-se als corrent principals literaris actuals a Romania com ho ha fet en altres pa\u00efsos on les novel\u00b7les de cf, especialment del tipus dist\u00f2pic, s\u00f3n benvingudes i comentades fora dels cercles limitats dels fans del g\u00e8nere. D\u2019altra banda, <strong>el final de la censura va permetre a la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 angl\u00f2fona inundar el mercat roman\u00e8s, marginant la producci\u00f3 local fins i tot m\u00e9s que a Europa occidental quaranta anys abans<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Els escriptors romanesos de ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 van intentar recuperar part de la seva antiga for\u00e7a imitant modes estrangeres, com ara el ciberpunk d\u2019estil <em>pulp<\/em>, en un pa\u00eds on els <em>hackers<\/em> s\u00f3n, de fet, nombrosos, i la inform\u00e0tica s\u2019ha abra\u00e7at amb entusiasme. Altres volien preservar l\u2019her\u00e8ncia de la <em>New Wave<\/em> a trav\u00e9s de relats escrits amb molta atenci\u00f3 al detall, alguns bastant experimentals, com la hist\u00f2ria dist\u00f2pica \u201cDomus\u201d de <strong>D\u0103nu\u0163 Ungureanu<\/strong> (1992), escrita utilitzant el discurs prescriptiu. Malgrat que alguns d\u2019aquests contes s\u00f3n realment notables, cap d\u2019ells va aconseguir seduir el f\u00e0ndom local. <strong>La ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 romanesa nom\u00e9s es va recuperar quan es va tornar a presentar en forma de novel\u00b7les llargues<\/strong> en g\u00e8neres com l\u2019\u00f2pera espacial a<em> Aba\u0163ia<\/em> [Abadia] de <strong>Dan Dobo<\/strong> (2002-2005), el roman\u00e7 de m\u00f3n perdut a <em>Ne vom \u00eentoarce \u00een Muribecca<\/em> [Tornarem a Muribecca] de <strong>Sebastian A. Corn<\/strong> (2014), aix\u00ed com la distopia apocal\u00edptica de la s\u00e8rie iniciada amb la novel\u00b7la <em>Vegetal<\/em> (2014) de <strong>D\u0103nu\u0163 Ungureanu<\/strong> i <strong>Marian Tru\u0163\u0103<\/strong>. El seu \u00e8xit, almenys entre els fans, ha contribu\u00eft a donar una nova vida a un ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 ara gaireb\u00e9 tan diversa i liter\u00e0riament tan reeixida com abans de la crisi postmoderna i del ciberpunk. <strong>Les perspectives s\u00f3n, per tant, positives, amb els escriptors m\u00e9s joves per fi conscients que estan fent una aportaci\u00f3 a una llarga i distingida hist\u00f2ria, com \u00e9s la de la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 romanesa<\/strong>.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Traducci\u00f3: Sara Mart\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b421630 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b421630\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3935fdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3935fdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>* Aquest article \u00e9s una versi\u00f3 adaptada per l&#8217;autor del seu pr\u00f2leg \u00abA Note on Romanian Science Fiction Literature from Past to Present\u00bb, a Daniel Timariu y Cristian Vicol (eds.), <em>East of a Known Galaxy: An Anthology of Romanian Sci-Fi Stories<\/em>, Bucure\u0219ti, Tritonic, 2019, pp. 10-19.<\/p><p><a name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> La versi\u00f3 en castell\u00e0 es troba al n\u00famero 32 d\u2019<em>H\u00e9lice<\/em> (estiu 2022), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.revistahelice.com\/\">https:\/\/www.revistahelice.com\/<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f70e615 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-phone\" data-id=\"6f70e615\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a54894 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a54894\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>EL + NOU<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88197e0 elementor-grid-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-none elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"88197e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;classic_columns&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:35,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.classic\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-classic elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-82613 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cienci-ficcio category-fantasia category-article tag-altres-mons tag-opinio-cificat\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2024\/10\/02\/la-ciencia-ficcio-al-japo-com-imaginar-el-futur-despres-del-desastre\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tLa ci\u00e8ncia ficci\u00f3 al Jap\u00f3: Com imaginar el futur despr\u00e9s del desastre [per Pau Pitarch]\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t2 d'octubre de 2024\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-avatar\">\n\t\t\t17 comentaris\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2024\/10\/02\/la-ciencia-ficcio-al-japo-com-imaginar-el-futur-despres-del-desastre\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about La ci\u00e8ncia ficci\u00f3 al Jap\u00f3: Com imaginar el futur 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class=\"elementor-post-avatar\">\n\t\t\t3 comentaris\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2024\/03\/07\/levolucio-de-la-ciencia-ficcio-francesa-de-la-decada-de-1950-al-present\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about L\u2019evoluci\u00f3 de la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 francesa (II): de la d\u00e8cada de 1950 al present [per Manuela Mohr]\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t Llegir m\u00e9s \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-81482 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cienci-ficcio category-fantasia category-general category-article tag-altres-mons tag-eurocifi tag-opinio-cificat\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2024\/03\/05\/levolucio-de-la-ciencia-ficcio-francesa-del-segle-xix-a-la-decada-de-1940\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tL\u2019evoluci\u00f3 de la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 francesa (I): del segle XIX a la d\u00e8cada de 1940 [per Manuela Mohr]\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t5 de mar\u00e7 de 2024\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-avatar\">\n\t\t\t6 comentaris\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2024\/03\/05\/levolucio-de-la-ciencia-ficcio-francesa-del-segle-xix-a-la-decada-de-1940\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about L\u2019evoluci\u00f3 de la ci\u00e8ncia-ficci\u00f3 francesa (I): del segle XIX a la d\u00e8cada de 1940 [per Manuela Mohr]\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t Llegir m\u00e9s \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-80816 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-comic-podcast category-article tag-opinio-cificat\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2023\/05\/17\/lodissea-al-desert-del-manga-en-catala\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tL&#8217;odissea al desert del manga en catal\u00e0\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t17 de maig de 2023\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-avatar\">\n\t\t\t9 comentaris\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2023\/05\/17\/lodissea-al-desert-del-manga-en-catala\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about L&#8217;odissea al desert del manga en catal\u00e0\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t Llegir m\u00e9s 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href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2023\/05\/10\/lestructura-de-les-revolucions-arabs-de-la-cf-una-guia-per-a-principiants\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about L\u2019estructura de les revolucions \u00e0rabs de la CF: una guia per a principiants [per Emad El-Din Aysha]\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t Llegir m\u00e9s \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720aefc0 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720aefc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-56cb0a7\" 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elementor-element-735ff1a0\" data-id=\"735ff1a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5601f8 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a5601f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e1e4f01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e1e4f01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e8583c0\" data-id=\"5e8583c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b5e4d5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b5e4d5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T&#8217;ha agradat? Comparteix:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4763d3dd\" data-id=\"4763d3dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f419d20 elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--shape-circle elementor-share-buttons--align-right elementor-share-buttons-mobile--align-center elementor-share-buttons--skin-gradient elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"4f419d20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"share-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Compartici\u00f3 en facebook\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-facebook\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_twitter\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Compartici\u00f3 en twitter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-twitter\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_whatsapp\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Compartici\u00f3 en whatsapp\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-whatsapp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_email\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Compartici\u00f3 en email\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-envelope\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_print\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Compartici\u00f3 en print\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fas fa-print\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8728d20 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8728d20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c48ba7c elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-phone\" data-id=\"7c48ba7c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2fa50491 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2fa50491\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-de15571\" data-id=\"de15571\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e405d3a animated-slow elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e405d3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/producte\/freakcions-8\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Banner-mobil-freakcions-8.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-73158\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Banner-mobil-freakcions-8.png 600w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Banner-mobil-freakcions-8-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Banner-mobil-freakcions-8-240x160.png 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-428f08e5 animated-slow elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-71772 elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"428f08e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/projectes\/cataleg\/revista-freakcions\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1106\" height=\"108\" src=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/banner-llarg-tots.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-82744\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/banner-llarg-tots.png 1106w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/banner-llarg-tots-300x29.png 300w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/banner-llarg-tots-1024x100.png 1024w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/banner-llarg-tots-768x75.png 768w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/banner-llarg-tots-240x23.png 240w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/banner-llarg-tots-640x62.png 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1106px) 100vw, 1106px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea7ea0c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ea7ea0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c0faa47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-navigation\" data-id=\"1c0faa47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"post-navigation.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Post Navigation\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation__prev elementor-post-navigation__link\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2023\/05\/02\/lhome-del-castell-1961-philip-k-dick\/\" rel=\"prev\"><span class=\"post-navigation__arrow-wrapper post-navigation__arrow-prev\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-angle-left\"><\/i><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Prev<\/span><\/span><span class=\"elementor-post-navigation__link__prev\"><span class=\"post-navigation__prev--label\">Anterior<\/span><span class=\"post-navigation__prev--title\">L&#8217;HOME DEL CASTELL (1961) &#8211; Philip K. Dick<\/span><\/span><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post-navigation__next elementor-post-navigation__link\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2023\/05\/17\/lodissea-al-desert-del-manga-en-catala\/\" rel=\"next\"><span class=\"elementor-post-navigation__link__next\"><span class=\"post-navigation__next--label\">Seg\u00fcent<\/span><span class=\"post-navigation__next--title\">L&#8217;odissea al desert del manga en catal\u00e0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"post-navigation__arrow-wrapper post-navigation__arrow-next\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-angle-right\"><\/i><span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Next<\/span><\/span><\/a>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c5c791f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1c5c791f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ec53c9d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ec53c9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8caadf8\" data-id=\"8caadf8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-224acc5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"224acc5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tamb\u00e9 et pot interessar&#8230;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6409b687 elementor-grid-tablet-3 elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-posts--show-avatar elementor-card-shadow-yes elementor-posts__hover-gradient elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"6409b687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;cards_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;cards_columns&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;cards_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;cards_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:35,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;cards_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.cards\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-cards elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-4060 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-hemeroteca tag-opinio-cificat\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2014\/04\/01\/narc%c3%ads-monturiol-la-utopia-persistent\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tNARC\u00cdS MONTURIOL: LA UTOPIA PERSISTENT\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tDaniel Gen\u00eds\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t1 d'abril de 2014\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-60298 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cienci-ficcio category-ressenya tag-cfft-en-catala tag-tchaikovsky_adrian\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2021\/06\/02\/trescafocs-2020-adrian-tchaikovsky\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"692\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/trescafocs.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-59445\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/trescafocs.jpeg 692w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/trescafocs-240x355.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/trescafocs-640x947.jpeg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n\t\t\t<img data-del=\"avatar\" alt=\"In\u00e9s Macpherson\" src='https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ine\u0301s-macpherson-150x150.png' class='avatar pp-user-avatar avatar-128 photo ' height='128' width='128'\/>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2021\/06\/02\/trescafocs-2020-adrian-tchaikovsky\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tTRESCAFOCS (2020) &#8211; Adrian Tchaikovsky\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__meta-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-author\">\n\t\t\tIn\u00e9s Macpherson\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-post-date\">\n\t\t\t2 de juny de 2021\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-69003 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cienci-ficcio category-fantasia category-ressenya tag-millet_lydia tag-cfft-en-catala\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__card\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/2022\/01\/20\/una-biblia-infantil-2020-lydia-millet\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" ><div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"916\" src=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/una-bi\u0301blia-infatil.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-69004\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/una-bi\u0301blia-infatil.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/una-bi\u0301blia-infatil-197x300.jpeg 197w, https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/una-bi\u0301blia-infatil-240x366.jpeg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__avatar\">\n\t\t\t<img data-del=\"avatar\" alt=\"Daniel Gen\u00eds\" src='https:\/\/elbiblionauta.com\/ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/dgenis23-150x150.png' class='avatar pp-user-avatar avatar-128 photo ' height='128' width='128'\/>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a 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